We were on a family holiday in the Lake district when we came across a place called Backbarrow where there used to be a dye works where they made (or used to make) Reckitt's Blue which was a little block of blue pigment with a cloth covering which people added to their wash, in pre-biological detergent days, to give it that "blue whiteness." The whole area was littered with this stuff dumped by the side of the road, some of it intact in its packaging some of it crumbling to blue powder. The colour was the exact ultramarine of International Klein Blue and it transformed the whole village - basically one street and a river, also stained blue - into an unintentional art installation. I seem to remember we took home boxes of the stuff. It's all gone now and the works is an hotel.

It used to be Dolly Blue.

 

"Reckitts Rugby League Club are the oldest amateur rugby league club in Hull.
We were established in 1911 and are celebrating our 90th anniversary this year.
The club was formed by members of the large pharmaceutical company Reckitt and Colman who, initially, played inter-departmental games prior to having other opposition to pit their skills against."

 

Exported all over the world. Aborigines in Australia, lacking a naturally occuring blue pigment of their own, used the Reckitt's Blue that missionaries brought with them for their rock art.

"For most of the 20th century, root doctors, hoodoo practitioners, and spiritualists who have wanted to work with the blue colour of copper while avoiding toxic side-effects have found it easier to utilize crystalized or liquid laundry blueing such as Reckitt's Crown Blue squares, Mrs. Stewart's liquid blueing, or the hand-made so-called "blue balls" (anil) from Mexico, shown here. Any of these products can safely take the place of copper sulphate; they typically consist of washing soda coloured with an aniline dye.

Some hoodoo and spiritist protection spells call for "blue water" to keep a residence clear of evil spirits. This use of blue water seems to derive from Mediterranean beliefs, in which both the colour blue and liquids such as water are used to keep away and to cure the damage done by the evil eye. Blue water should NOT be made from bluestone, especially if it is to be used for ritual hand-washing or sprinkling. Only laundry blueing should be used for this.

In short, the blue colour of copper sulphate can be safely duplicated in the form of laundry blueing and, in the interest of health, i would recommend that any time you see an old magical spell that calls for bluestone, you substitute liquid blueing, Reckitt's Crown Blue, or Mexican anil balls. The latter are particularly versatile: the small balls can be carried with herbs or roots in a mojo bag, and the large ones are easy to dissolve in water to set out in pans around a location to keep away evil, or made into a purifying floor wash."

 

Giving them the blues

THERE'S A GOOD CHANCE THAT THE COLOUR IN A LOT OF EVERYDAY PRODUCTS STARTED LIFE IN HULL. MIKE ACKROYD VISITS A WORLD LEADER ON MORLEY STREET...

A remarkable business story can be traced from the mountains of Afghanistan to the old industrial landscape of the River Hull corridor.

This is where Hull, city of top 10 aspirations, is undisputed world leader in production of 'wonder' product ultramarine, which adds colour and brightness to many everyday products.

A complex process replicating the volcanic action that thousands of years ago created the precious mineral lapis lazuli has been making ultramarine at the Holliday Pigments (external link) site at the end of Morley Street for the last 118 years.

Blue Art: Duccio's 1315 The Virgin and Child

Until the mid-19th century, it could be obtained only in small amounts by grinding down lapis lazuli (latin for 'blue stone'), mainly found in Afghanistan and at one time more valuable than gold. The brilliantly coloured pigment took on its name through a derivation of the Italian words ultramarino azzuro, meaning 'blue from beyond the sea'. It can be seen in the death mask of Tutankhamun and in great Renaissance paintings and buildings.

A French chemist, Jean-Baptiste Guimet, discovered how to make synthetic and affordable ultramarine by baking a mixture of china clay, sodium carbonate and sulphur at extreme temperatures.

Famous Hull company Reckitt's imported the product from Europe for 30 years from the 1850s before bringing in Continental expertise and opening the factory in Morley Street next to the river to enable barge delivery of raw materials.

Now Holliday Pigments produces many thousands of tonnes at the site every year, each batch involving a non-stop process lasting 21 days. Most of it is ultramarine blue but there are also pink and violet versions.

The company supplies well over half of the world's requirements. Ninety per cent of output goes to 110 countries, which means that people around the world use products containing tiny amounts of ultramarine blue every day of their lives.

It's in eye make-up, lipstick and nail varnish, toothpaste and soap; plastics and paints. It's what gives upmarket car interiors that deep matt black finish and some plastics their brilliant white appearance.

Whiteness and brilliance are two key words in the story of ultramarine.

Its ability to impart deep, bright colours, as the result of a chemical reaction, is essential to many different industries, including printing, construction and paint and paper manufacture. In some parts of the world, ultramarine blue, which many older Hull people will remember through the Reckitt's 'dolly bag', still makes washing whiter. The traditional robes of Saudi Arabia are just one example.

Christian Dior and YSL Eye liners

Hull to Paris: Christian Dior and YSL are customers

Ultramarine is non-toxic and 'non migratory', which means it does not leach into anything it comes into contact with, making it ideal for food containers and children's paints and toys.

The development of the synthetic product brought ultramarine down from the great buildings of Italy and the palettes of Michelangelo and Titian to a workaday means of making washing whiter and brighter. "From the 19th century until the 1950s, its main use was as a washing aid," Holliday Pigments' operations director Mike Young said.

"Washing used to be an aggressive technique and clothes soon started to go yellow. Ultramarine provided the answer. It absorbs light at the yellow end of the spectrum and a small amount in the washing maintains a cool, white appearance.

"Ultramarine has since moved on and proved its worth in a huge range of applications, having the major advantages of being safe and non-polluting."

From BMW car badges to plastic seats in football stadia, ultramarine is in demand and Holliday Pigments' research and development team is developing still more applications.

The company's modernisation programme includes an £11m investment in a flue gas desulphurisation plant, opened by Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott in 2000.

Reckitt's blue

History: Reckitt's blue

Instead of sulphur dioxide emissions going into the atmosphere through the site's 141m high chimney - Hull's tallest - waste gases are condensed into high quality sulphuric acid, which is sold to other industries.

Gases still go up the chimney, but for only an average four weeks a year when the plant closes for maintenance. On these occasions, emissions are maintained at a level well within Environment Agency limits.

The company, which employs 128 people in Hull, claims a unique safety record for ultramarine pigments. "No other pigment has had such long term and widespread human and environmental exposure without any reported instances of ill effect," they say.

Mike Young adds: "We have competitors in Spain and Japan and there is also production in India and China, but without doubt this is the highest quality ultramarine anywhere in the world."

"It is a complex product that is difficult to make and the deep well of knowledge and expertise amongst our Hull staff gives us a major advantage."

More opportunities are opening up as the main alternative whitening agents for industry, known as 'optical brighteners', are the subject of major concerns over their environmental impact.

And because many detergent manufacturers use optical brighteners, ultramarine could even make a comeback in the household wash.